Which came first – the chicken or the egg?
This age old question is always a good one to start a lively discussion. Another question which generates almost as much discussion – is child obesity due to environmental factors or to individual factors?
Unlike the chicken/egg dilemma, in which you have to choose a side, with childhood obesity, it looks like both individual behaviors and environmental factors contribute to the problem.
Researchers at the Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living at the University of Texas School of Public Health (UTSPH), USA, have been working to address the issue of child obesity through traditional channels of research, education and community outreach, as well as a unique private-public partnership with the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation.
Our current work is highlighted in the eight articles that comprise a special issue of the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. The issue, titled “The Science of Childhood Obesity: An Individual to Societal Framework,” provides a research framework and further insights into solutions for child obesity, with a focus on diverse and low-income populations.
Although recent progress has been seen in obesity prevention efforts, childhood obesity is still a significant public health problem, with almost one-third of children ages 2 to 19 classified as overweight or obese in the United States.
These rates are even higher in Texas, USA, where much of our work is focused. Thus, it is imperative that we continue research efforts to elucidate more proximal determinants of childhood obesity, as well as intervention strategies to address them.
So, what does our research show?
Students in schools that have state-level bans on sodas without regulating the sales of other sugary drinks compensate by consuming more sports, energy drinks and sweetened coffee drinks. The current emphasis on banning sodas in schools may be counterproductive if these policies are not comprehensive and applied throughout the school environment.
Residents of low-income communities report high nutrition knowledge and preference for healthy foods, but have difficulty obtaining them because of high prices, low quality of foods available in their neighborhoods, and the lack of access to food stores near them. As a solution, residents prefer large grocery stores rather than convenience stores, but also are open to farmers’ markets and community gardens as ancillary approaches.
Children who are overweight or obese appear to watch more television because of social factors and friendship dynamics. In this study, children who spent more time with friends were more likely to be physically active, and less likely to be obese. So, parents should focus on preventing social isolation through prevention of weight-related bullying and acceptance of children, regardless of body size, as well as turning off the television.
Children in low-income schools are more likely to be obese, regardless of family income. Thus, the school environment itself is an important target for obesity prevention efforts.
Family behaviors, specifically social and physical aspects of the home food environment, are associated with consumption of healthy foods. Social aspects include family meals, whether or not families watch television during meals, and whether the child has eaten at a restaurant during the previous day. Physical aspects include whether healthy or unhealthy foods have been served during mealtimes. In addition, neighborhood food access is associated with child dietary intake.
Children who are obese are more likely to be absent from school, and are more likely to have school problems and lower levels of school engagement. School administrators should recognize that child obesity affects school academic performance, and prioritize obesity prevention efforts in the school environment.
When self-reporting height and weight data for calculation of body mass index (BMI), adolescent boys tend to underestimate their height and adolescent girls tend to overestimate their weight. Our study team developed correction equations to increase the sensitivity of self-reported measures.
Three themes identified
It should be recognized that determinants of childhood obesity are not one-dimensional, and other factors may be involved.
These articles are further summarized in Perry et al., in which three main themes are introduced. First, children in low-income groups are more likely to be overweight or obese, and less likely to have access to resources for healthier foods and opportunities for physical activity.
Second, environments which surround children (home, school, policy) can have a significant and major impact on weight status and dietary intake on children, irrespective of socioeconomic status.
Finally, it should be recognized that determinants of childhood obesity are not one-dimensional, and other factors may be involved.
So, where do we go from here?
This body of work, taken as a collection, can be seen as a call to action for both more focused research questions as to the causes of childhood obesity and unique intervention strategies that are more comprehensive and nuanced.
And, in re-examining our chicken and egg dilemma, our studies indicate that prevention of childhood obesity requires both individual and environmental approaches, working together in a more comprehensive approach.
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